Poverty and Homelessness In United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2618 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homelessness Essay Did you like this example? Poverty and Homelessness in America is a daunting subject which everyone recognizes but do not pay attention to. A homeless person is stereotypically thought to be a person who sleeps at the roadside, begging for money and influenced by drug with dirty ragged clothes and a person who is deprived of basic facilities in his or her life such as; education, electricity, proper clothes, shelter, water with a scarcity of balanced diet is termed as person living under the line of poverty. We are facing an epidemic as the number of people who are homeless and living in poverty is increasing.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Poverty and Homelessness In United States" essay for you Create order Poverty and homelessness can be different when compared to other countries and a continent like Asia or Africa or compared to countries like India, China, Syria etc. However, the problems are a major issue in many countries but compared to developing countries and developed countries where there are advanced technologies and advanced education system where the government is focused on people and made by people they are also facing the same problem. The United States of America which is called the Land of Opportunity, the opportunity for normal people or people who are born into poverty has very less chance of changing their lives and their living standards over their lifetime. There are many factors which are backbone for this problem such as Proper education system, Lack of employment facilities, Decline in availability of child assistance, Lack of Affordable health care, Domestic violence, Mental illness, Addiction which are the major factors that are resulting in increasing number of homeless and making the society and people more poor. The research done by End homeless organization shows At the time of the 2017 Point-in-Time count, the vast majority of the homeless population lived in some form of shelter or in transitional housing (360,867 people). However, approximately 34 percent (192,875 people) lived in a place not meant for human habitation, such as the street or an abandoned building. Single individuals comprised 66.7 percent of all people experiencing homelessness (369,081 people), and about 33.3 percent were people in families (184,661 adults and children). Approximately 7.2 percent of people counted were veterans (40,056), and 7.4 percent wer e unaccompanied children and young adults (40,799) (State of Homelessness12). The above data shows the situation of families and children is really horrible which is affecting the present day society and also putting risk to the future of society as the children who are under poverty and homeless are proven to be more prone towards as doing crimes and creating different problems in society as they lack proper education and awareness in their life which follows unemployment and leading a life of crime and violence. We are facing an epidemic as the number of people who are homeless and living in poverty is increasing although the transformation and evolution of technologies breakthrough are changing lives all around the globe but cant catch up with the people at the bottom of the society. Where are we missing out and What is our responsibility for helping another human facing such kind of problems? Poverty is not a new topic for America but the modern day homelessness is a new topic. The government has implemented many ways to reduce homelessness and largely failed. New jobs and affordable housing programs were introduced to tackle such problems along with social security and GI bills have helped a bit. This all was taken into the act after World War II which helped many families to get a chance to provide a roof over their head. However, after 1970s people started noticing people sleeping under the bridge, elders standing at the doorway at the building, people putting a tent in public place. From 1978 to 1983 the federal housing budget fell from 83 billion to 18 billion, 64 billion a year which would provide an opportunity for people who were poor and homeless and those federal cuts has never been restored. When I imagine becoming homeless not knowing where I would sleep in cold, people staring at me thinking I am a junkie judging me from my dirty smelly clothes, my entire bod y is tired and painting as I am not able to get proper food and sleep deprivation, Many people who complain homeless or poor people being lazy which results in much worse conditions but the society and government are the root cause for this problem. Breaking the numbers in terms of race. the number is even more striking disproportionality as the African American make up 40 percent of the homeless and poverty chart while being the 13 percent of the total population. The situation from slavery and segregation, people of color have been facing discrimination and has always been denied equal right and opportunities. These factors linger the situation of a person with color to overcome the situation of homelessness and poverty. Educational sectors in America which are mainly divided into private and public sectors is one the system which affects the persons future in long terms aspect. Schools in low- income neighborhood across America, specifically where people of color and different minorities lack resources that are standard at wealthy private schools. An education system which has never been designed to offer justice or quality opportunities to the people of color. The educational system should always provide attention to resourc es and think about the finance, work on the students background on being poor and their family situation, provide them with access to the same high-level curricular and pedagogical opportunities. The educational curriculum should consist of multicultural topics, should teach them about personal biases and cycle of poverty and classism in and outside of school. The gap between the rich and the poor In America is increasing more and more every year, a country where there is a number of rich people than poor people. The poor family average 2.03 children per household which also worsens the childs condition as the family has more problem to share the same resources with more family members. Research done by Frank and Jennifer Muller from Chicago University shows; According to U.S. Census Bureau data, in 2015, 14.5 million children lived in poverty. Of these, more than 6.5 million children lived in deep poverty that is, lived in households with incomes less than half the poverty line. The poverty rate was higher still (21 percent) for children under the age of 5.(Frank, Jennifer M. 393). Child poverty is especially high in rural areas and it happens where there is a single parent. Thirty percent of children living with a single parent earning lower than minimum wage working full time was also found to have experienced poverty. Health insurance is also a major problem for people who are homeless as they cannot afford to get an insurance and if they are sick they undergo any kind of treatment the medical bill is really expensive in America which results in them to be not able to pay on top of their own poverty and homeless issue. The government should be able to provide free health insurance to poor or affordable insurance to the people who are living a impoverish life. The single parents who are working to make up their children live better should get raise from the minimum wage along with supporting pay equity. The parent should be provided with paid leave and paid sick days to care of themselves or their children in need. The government should invest in affordable high-quality childcare system which works accordingly to urban and rural areas. We just need to enact the policies that will increase the economic growth for homeless and people living in poverty by expanding these opportunities and help them gr ow into the middle class. The other reason which is common among youth, single adults and families being the immediate cause of homelessness is Domestic violence. Survivors of domestic violence seek to the different homeless program seeking a safe environment to start a new living after feeling the abusive relationship or family. Recent statistics suggest that on a single night in January 2017, 16 percent of the overall homeless population, 87,329 people, reported having experienced domestic violence at some point. Research from a study in New York City indicates that one in five families experienced domestic violence in the five years before entering the shelter. Among families that reported domestic violence in the prior five years, 88 percent reported that it contributed to their homelessness a lot (Domestic Violence, Jan 2017). The need for people feeling from such abusive domestic situation is safety, some people may be able to stay safe in their own housing but many require to stay in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program before getting their own independent housing program A new model for housing model is suggested by Susan Finlay from the University of Washington which explains The new model for social transformation offered by Dignity Village suggests a radical shift in social attitudes toward poverty and homelessness. Their creation of a new type of democratic coalition of poor people builds upon goals stated in their operating charter, where the Villagers commit themselves to provide a community in which all constitutional and human rights of all people are respected and protected.(Finaly ,2003). These kinds of housing village model could help this kind of people with affordable rent to start a new life staying away from being homeless or being under poverty as they work between themse lves for making each other lives better. As we know without health there is no wealth, America has one of the most expensive health services. Even the middle class has a problem finding a cheap affordable insurance for themselves and their loved one, imagine the condition of people in poverty and the homeless people. One of the major issue for these people is mental health, through an vision of social and biological mechanisms which are acting in multiple situation where the person is unable to afford properly balanced food to carry on the normal metabolism in the body and the homeless who are unable to stay safe from cold or rain and have to go through sexual assaults, emotional problems too. Various mental factors like poor parental health and birth outcomes, toxic exposure, financial stress, chronic acute stress life, violent event exposure are the reasons affecting the mental wellbeing of such people. There are so many shreds of evidence that prove the mental situation of a person-affecting when they live in poverty and homelessness. Personally, economic inequality or income inequality lead a person to think so much about their life and question, compare different scenarios they live in which leads to depression, drug use, schizophrenia, homicides and different adverse outcomes. People with mental and/or substance use disorders can be particularly vulnerable to becoming homeless or being precariously housed. According to HUDs 2016 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report, of those who experience homelessness, approximately 202,297 people have a severe mental illness or a chronic substance use disorder. In January 2016, one in five people experiencing homelessness had a serious mental illness, and a similar percentage had a chronic substance use disorder(Homeless Housing. 2017). Being a Woman or LGTQA, its even harder for them as they have to through physical assaults, sexual exploitation, and substance use disorder. The situation of minorities is really horrible as they have to go through the same problems mentioned above along with police violence and different drug-related problems which affects their mental health. I think the solution for mental issues in homeless and people in poverty could be done by integrating mental health services into existing programs, raising awareness through advertisement on streets, generating modules and tactics for drug addicts to fight against their addiction as well as if we put subjects related to mental health issues in our school curriculum everyone would be aware of the problems and could try to fight against it. The government along with different INGO and NGO have tried to tackle the problem of homelessness on never every level starting from the 1980s, but some solution worked out many failed, despite spending billions over the time new problems came along the time. The federal government has set an aim of ending homelessness for families with children and youth until 2020. But looking at the data and statistics reaching these goals appears to be much further off. However, every new parliament has new work ideas to tackle against these problems, but practically what really work that stay and work on the street and is there any way to work it out that wouldnt be wildly expensive? First, we need to consider the number of housing shelter available for poor and homeless people, but getting to know that your number for housing list in around 5 hundred and have to wait for a year to get into the housing seems a big problem to me. Can we really count the present number and condition of the homeles s shelter and transitional housing as a long-term solution? It would be better if the government start to build a number of such housing facilities only then we can maintain the balance between the number of people and number of housing option available. Although, if a homeless person gets into a transitional housing the cost to operate such housing options are really expensive. The research conducted by The Atlantic shows that Nationally, the average monthly cost of serving a homeless person in an emergency shelter is $4,819. Providing him/her with a voucher for housing, on the other hand, is just $1,162. (Semuels,2016). Looking at the data I think providing an emergency shelter is much worthy than providing to a person as a family could bring up their lifestyle save some money and it would help more number of people while a homeless person could be given a voucher which would save more money for the government. People with addiction and mental health issues should be provided with better rehabilitation option and much affordable health so they can start a normal life. The big companies could provide the employment opportunity for the people living in poverty paying them more than minimum wage. The 2015 federal minimum wage of $7.25 / hour comes to $15,080 annually for full-time work, 52 weeks a year. The federal poverty threshold for a family of three is $ 20,090 (RaisingofAmerica,2016). Imagine living with 15 thousand a year working full time but not meeting the basic requirement of life, waiting every month to month paycheck to pay your bills and fill up your basic need and familys desire. The government should provide more importance to existing programs like Unemployment insurance, Food Stamps, Cash assistance and the earned income tax credit. The American justice holds almost one-quarter of the worlds prisoner which were a victim of using violence on poverty getting into drugs or gang-related activity. The use of violence for homeless and people living under poverty has been shown in an article by Javier Auyero Violence is also used to advance or defend territory, to discipline children, to defend self and property, to acquire economic resources, and to establish dominance within the household in other words, violence is deployed to solve pressing problems.(Auyero Javier, p4) The war on drugs and police racism on black people has been going on for decades tearing father from their families or mother or any workforce from their families preventing them to fulfill the necessities for their family. Even after they change their mind and turn their life away from violenc e and other drug-related activity it is really hard for them to find a normal job as no one would hire a person with criminal records. Along with this, the immigration laws should be worked on helping undocumented aliens to get employment option and help their family. Only then we could help a family or a person get out of poverty and provide them with a roof over their head to lead a normal life as a human.

Othello †How it Ranks Essay - 2151 Words

Othello – How it Ranks In the context of thousands of plays written by hundreds of dramatists since 500 years prior to the time of Christ, how does William Shakespeare’s play Othello rank? In this essay let us find the proper place for this play, and consider critical opinion in the process. Othello would appear to have a beauty about it which is hard to match – thus ranking high. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† touches on this beauty which enables this play to stand above the other tragedies of the Bard: Among the tragedies of Shakespeare Othello is supreme in one quality: beauty. Much of its poetry, in imagery, perfection of phrase, and steadiness of rhythm, soaring yet firm,†¦show more content†¦Robert B. Heilman says in â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare†: If we use the word â€Å"support,† however, we do name a way in which Shakespeare serves. It is the way of venerable texts whose authenticity has impressed itself on the human imagination: he has said many things in what seems an ultimate form, and he is a fountainhead of quotation and universal center of allusion. â€Å"A rose by any other name† comes to the mouth as readily as â€Å"Pride goeth before a fall,† and seems no less wise. A quotable line is one that has shed its context and taken on independent life. Very significantly, Shakespeare scenes and character relationships have also taken on independent life and have provided basic formulations upon which other writers rely. (24-25). Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† ranks the play Othello quite high among the Bard’s tragedies: Othello, written in 1604, is one of the masterpieces of Shakespeare’s â€Å"tragic period.† In splendor of language, and in the sheer power of the story, it belongs with the greatest. But some of its admirers find it too savage. . . .(131) The Bard’s presentation of emotions, character, of good and evil actions that are down-to-earth – these are sometimes seen as the main reasons for the high ranking of Othello. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello† maintain that the popularity of this play has been consistent for about 400 years and they tellShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And George Orwell s Animal Farm1357 Words   |  6 Pageswhich leads them to commit drastic deeds. One can use this to persuade people to do things for their own benefit. In William Shakespeare s Othello and George Orwell s Animal Farm, the main characters, Iago and Napoleon, manipulate others to achieve their personal goals. Napoleon and Iago manipulate their peers’ trust, their friendships, and abuse their ranks to reach their goals. Both Iago and Napoleon use this to their advantage and attempt to get what they want, not caring about the risks andRead MoreA nalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare1171 Words   |  5 Pagesdrives Iago to plot against Othello. Jealousy is largely present in the appropriation too, the breaking point for Hugo comes at the moment when his dad, who is the coach, presents Odin with the award for ‘Most Valuable Player’, and announces to the team that â€Å"I love him (Odin), like my own son†. It is at this point that Hugo starts conspiring against Odin. Odin receiving the M.V.P award, is a representation of when Othello is promoted to a higher rank in the text. In Othello, Iago’s jealousy is bornRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1353 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Othello† is a tragedy play written by William Shakespeare in 1603. The play explains the story of a solider, Iago, that destroys a powerful general named Othello’s marriage, reputation, and overall life. 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ThroughoutRead MoreShakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1517 Words   |  7 Pages Some may wonder, who is Aristotle and why does he label Shakespeare’s play, Othello, as a tragedy? Aristotle is a famous Greek philosopher who defines Shakespeare’s character, Othello, as a tragic hero. Many parts in Othello tell the readers that the play is a tragedy, such as jealousy, arguing, and death, which makes the play famous and delightful to read. Aristotle has identified many common traits or characteristics that a tragic hero requires. In Shakespeare s play, Aristotle defines manyRead MoreEmpathy Is The Absence Of Empathy1207 Words   |  5 Pagesearly start in Othello. Act I Scene I opens with Roderigo and Iago having a slight argument. Rodergio lusts after Desdemona and he is paying Iago to assist him in consolidating his scheme to get her. He has just learned that she has married Othello, a general, and argues that their plan isn’t progressing forward. Iago, w hich is Othello’s ensign, shows deception and disrespect, averring that â€Å"I follow him to serve my turn upon him†, ensuring Roderigo that he has no loyalty to Othello and everythingRead MoreTheme Of Monstrous Jealousy In William Shakespeares Othello1271 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, illustrates four of themes in the play. One of the themes is extreme jealousy can make a person act like a monster. In the play, Shakespeare uses Othello, Roderigo, and Iago to prove the theme of Monstrous Jealousy by Othello slapping Desdemona in front of the Public of Venusians calling her cruel names and Developing evil schemes to kill Desdemona at night. Iago tells the lie to Othello about Cassio and Desdemona to and convincing Othello to believe in it. RoderigoRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello, The Moor Of Venice1216 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare’s famous tragedy â€Å"Othello, the Moor of Venice† is one of the best tragedies in the literary history. 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Dsdds Free Essays

Travis Hunter RL 201 Professor Lauer 11 October 2013 Page 137 Response Sikhnet. com is a website that deals with Just about everything that a Sikh needs to know. In addition, it’s a good website for those who are not Sikh’s to gain more knowledge about this particular religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Dsdds or any similar topic only for you Order Now The website contains a great amount of news, past and present about the Sikh religion. Furthermore, it includes blogs where people can talk to each other about the Sikh religion online as well as the Sikh calendar. There are many audio clips as well as quite a few video clips for the visual learner. They thoroughly explain what meditation is and they explain how one would go about meditating. The website includes lectures in case one is looking to practice their religion or if one is Just curious to learn about this unique religion. In addition, the website includes a radio as well as a link to where you can purchase CD’s and DVD’s. The site even includes mobile apps so that you can have easy access on a martphone. I was very surprised that the website even includes a link called â€Å"Sikh Matrimonials† where Sikh’s can enter their information and look for a significant other that is also a Sikh. An event calendar is also available so that they always know what is going on with the Sikh religion. They also make the site kid friendly by having a bunch of different mint-games. Overall, the site essentially has everything that one needs to know about the Sikh religion. How to cite Dsdds, Papers

Multinational Corporations free essay sample

Multinational corporations have existed since the beginning of overseas trade. They have remained a part of the business scene throughout history, entering their modern form in the 17th and 18th centuries with the creation of large, European-based monopolistic concerns such as the British East India Company during the age of colonization. Multinational concerns were viewed at that time as agents of civilization and played a pivotal role in the commercial and industrial development of Asia, South America, and Africa. By the end of the 19th century, advances in communications had more closely linked world markets, and multinational corporations retained their favorable image as instruments of improved global relations through commercial ties. The existence of close international trading relations did not prevent the outbreak of two world wars in the first half of the twentieth century, but an even more closely bound world economy emerged in the aftermath of the period of conflict. In more recent times, multinational corporations have grown in power and visibility, but have come to be viewed more ambivalently by both governments and consumers worldwide. Indeed, multinationals today are viewed with increased suspicion given their perceived lack of concern for the economic well-being of particular geographic regions and the public impression that multinationals are gaining power in relation to national government agencies, international trade federations and organizations, and local, national, and international labor organizations. Despite such concerns, multinational corporations appear poised to expand their power and influence as barriers to international trade continue to be removed. Furthermore, the actual nature and methods of multinationals are in large measure misunderstood by the public, and their long-term influence is likely to be less sinister than imagined. Multinational corporations share many common traits, including the methods they use to penetrate new markets, the manner in which their overseas subsidiaries are tied to their headquarters operations, and their interaction with national governmental agencies and national and international labor organizations. WHAT IS A MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION? As the name implies, a multinational corporation is a business concern with operations in more than one country. These operations outside the companys home country may be linked to the parent by merger, operated as subsidiaries, or have considerable autonomy. Multinational corporations are sometimes perceived as large, utilitarian enterprises with little or no regard for the social and economic well-being of the countries in which they operate, but the reality of their situation is more complicated. There are over 40,000 multinational corporations currently operating in the global economy, in addition to approximately 250,000 overseas affiliates running cross-continental businesses. In 1995, the top 200 multinational corporations had combined sales of $7. 1 trillion, which is equivalent to 28. 3 percent of the worlds gross domestic product. The top multinational corporations are headquartered in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan; they have the capacity to shape global trade, production, and financial transactions. Multinational corporations are viewed by many as favoring their home operations when making difficult economic decisions, but this tendency is declining as companies are forced to respond to increasing global competition. The World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank are the three institutions that underwrite the basic rules and regulations of economic, monetary, and trade relations between countries. Many developing nations have loosened trade rules under pressure from the IMF and the World Bank. The domestic financial markets in these countries have not been developed and do not have appropriate laws in place to enable domestic financial institutions to stand up to foreign competition. The administrative setup, judicial systems, and law-enforcing agencies generally cannot guarantee the social discipline and political stability that are necessary in order to support a growth-friendly atmosphere. As a result, most multinational corporations are investing in certain geographic locations only. In the 1990s, most foreign investment was in high-income countries and a few geographic locations in the South like East Asia and Latin America. According to the World Banks 2002 World Development Indicators, there are 63 countries considered to be low-income countries. The share of these low-income countries in which foreign countries are making direct investments is very small; it rose from 0. 5 percent 1990 to only 1. 6 percent in 2000. Although foreign direct investment in developing countries rose considerably in the 1990s, not all developing countries benefited from these investments. Most of the foreign direct investment went to a very small number of lower and upper middle income developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. In these countries, the rate of economic growth is increasing and the number of people living at poverty level is falling. However, there are still nearly 140 developing countries that are showing very slow growth rates while the 24 richest, developed countries (plus another 10 to 12 newly industrialized countries) are benefiting from most of the economic growth and prosperity. Therefore, many people in the developing countries are still living in poverty. Similarly, multinational corporations are viewed as being exploitative of both their workers and the local environment, given their relative lack of association with any given locality. This criticism of multinationals is valid to a point, but it must be remembered that no corporation can successfully operate without regard to local social, labor, and environmental standards, and that multinationals in large measure do conform to local standards in these regards. Multinational corporations are also seen as acquiring too much political and economic power in the modern business environment. Indeed, corporations are able to influence public policy to some degree by threatening to move jobs overseas, but companies are often prevented from employing this tactic given the need for highly trained workers to produce many products. Such workers can seldom be found in low-wage countries. Furthermore, once they enter a market, multinationals are bound by the same constraints as domestically owned concerns, and find it difficult to abandon the infrastructure they produced to enter the market in the first place. The modern multinational corporation is not necessarily headquartered in a wealthy nation. Many countries that were recently classified as part of the developing world, including Brazil, Taiwan, Kuwait, and Venezuela, are now home to large multinational concerns. The days of corporate colonization seem to be nearing an end. Multinational corporations follow three general procedures when seeking to access new markets: merger with or direct acquisition of existing concerns; sequential market entry; and joint ventures. Merger or direct acquisition of existing companies in a new market is the most straightforward method of new market penetration employed by multinational corporations. Such an entry, known as foreign direct investment, allows multinationals, especially the larger ones, to take full advantage of their size and the economies of scale that this provides. The rash of mergers within the global automotive industries during the late 1990s are illustrative of this method of gaining access to new markets and, significantly, were made in response to increased global competition. Multinational corporations also make use of a procedure known as sequential market entry when seeking to penetrate a new market. Sequential market entry often also includes foreign direct investment, and involves the establishment or acquisition of concerns operating in niche markets related to the parent companys product lines in the new country of operation. Japans Sony Corporation made use of sequential market entry in the United States, beginning with the establishment of a small television assembly plant in San Diego, California, in 1972. For the next two years, Sonys U. S. operations remained confined to the manufacture of televisions, the parent companys leading product line. Sony branched out in 1974 with the creation of a magnetic tape plant in Dothan, Alabama, and expanded further by opening an audio equipment plant in Delano, Pennsylvania, in 1977. After a period of consolidation brought on by an unfavorable exchange rate between the yen and dollar, Sony continued to expand and diversify its U. S. operations, adding facilities for the production of computer displays and data storage systems during the 1980s. In the 1990s, Sony further diversified it U. S. facilities and now also produces semiconductors and personal telecommunications products in the United States. Sonys example is a classic case of a multinational using its core product line to defeat indigenous competition and lay the foundation for the sequential expansion of corporate activities into related areas. Finally, multinational corporations often access new markets by creating joint ventures with firms already operating in these markets. This has particularly been the case in countries formerly or presently under communist rule, including those of the former Soviet Union, eastern Europe, and the Peoples Republic of China. In such joint ventures, the venture partner in the market to be entered retains considerable or even complete autonomy, while realizing the advantages of technology transfer and management and production expertise from the parent concern. The establishment of joint ventures has often proved awkward in the long run for multinational corporations, which are likely to find their venture partners are formidable competitors when a more direct penetration of the new market is attempted. Multinational corporations are thus able to penetrate new markets in a variety of ways, which allow existing concerns in the market to be accessed a varying degree of autonomy and control over operations. While no one doubts the economic success and pervasiveness of multinational corporations, their motives and actions have been called into question by social welfare, environmental protection, and labor organizations and government agencies worldwide. National and international labor unions have expressed concern that multinational corporations in economically developed countries can avoid labor negotiations by simply moving their jobs to developing countries where labor costs are markedly less. Labor organizations in developing countries face the converse of the same problem, as they are usually obliged to negotiate with the national subsidiary of the multinational corporation in their country, which is usually willing to negotiate contract terms only on the basis of domestic wage standards, which may be well below those in the parent companys country. Offshore outsourcing, or offshoring, is a term used to describe the practice of using cheap foreign labor to manufacture goods or provide services only to sell them back into the domestic marketplace. Today, many Americans are concerned about the issue of whether American multinational companies will continue to export jobs to cheap overseas labor markets. In the fall of 2003, the University of California-Berkeley showed that as many as 14 million American jobs were potentially at risk over the next decade. In 2004, the United States faced a half-trillion-dollar trade deficit, with a surplus in services. Opponents of offshoring claim that it takes jobs away from Americans, while also increasing the imbalance of trade. When foreign companies set up operations in America, they usually sell the products manufactured in the U. S. to American consumers. However, when U. S. companies outsource jobs to cheap overseas labor markets, they usually sell the goods they produce to Americans, rather than to the consumers in the country in which they are made. In 2004, the states of Illinois and Tennessee passed legislation aimed at limiting offshoring; in 2005, another 16 states considered bills that would limit state aid and tax breaks to firms that outsource abroad. Insourcing, on the other hand, is a term used to describe the practice of foreign companies employing U. S. workers. Foreign automakers are among the largest insourcers. Many non-U. S. auto manufacturers have built plants in the United States, thus ensuring access to American consumers. Auto manufacturers such as Toyota now make approximately one third of its profits from U. S. car sales. Social welfare organizations are similarly concerned about the actions of multinationals, which are presumably less interested in social matters in countries in which they maintain subsidiary operations. Environmental protection agencies are equally concerned about the activities of multinationals, which often maintain environmentally hazardous operations in countries with minimal environmental protection statutes. Finally, government agencies fear the growing power of multinationals, which once again can use the threat of removing their operations from a country to secure favorable regulation and legislation. All of these concerns are valid, and abuses have undoubtedly occurred, but many forces are also at work to keep multinational corporations from wielding unlimited power over even their own operations. Increased consumer awareness of environmental and social issues and the impact of commercial activity on social welfare and environmental quality have greatly influenced the actions of all corporations in recent years, and this trend shows every sign of continuing. Multinational corporations are constrained from moving their operations into areas with excessively low labor costs given the relative lack of skilled laborers available for work in such areas. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the modern consumer to the plight of individuals in countries with repressive governments mitigates the removal of multinational business operations to areas where legal protection of workers is minimal. Examples of consumer reaction to unpopular action by multinationals are plentiful, and include the outcry against the use of sweatshop labor by Nike and activism against operations by the Shell Oil Company in Nigeria and PepsiCo in Myanmar (formerly Burma) due to the repressive nature of the governments in those countries. Multinational corporations are also constrained by consumer attitudes in environmental matters. Environmental disasters such as those which occurred in Bhopal, India (the explosion of an unsafe chemical plant operated by Union Carbide, resulting in great loss of life in surrounding areas) and Prince William Sound, Alaska (the rupture of a single-hulled tanker, the Exxon Valdez, causing an environmental catastrophe) led to ceaseless bad publicity for the corporations involved and continue to serve as a reminder of the long-term cost in consumer approval of ignoring environmental, labor, and safety concerns. Similarly, consumer awareness of global issues lessens the power of multinational corporations in their dealings with government agencies. International conventions of governments are also able to regulate the activities of multinational corporations without fear of economic reprisal, with examples including the 1987 Montreal Protocol limiting global production and use of chlorofluorocarbons and the 1989 Basel Convention regulating the treatment of and trade in chemical wastes. In fact, despite worries over the impact of multinational corporations in environmentally sensitive and economically developing areas, the corporate social performance of multinationals has been surprisingly favorable to date. The activities of multinational corporations encourage technology transfer from the developed to the developing world, and the wages paid to multinational employees in developing countries are generally above the national average. When the actions of multinationals do cause a loss of jobs in a given country, it is often the case that another multinational will move into the resulting vacuum, with little net loss of jobs in the long run. Subsidiaries of multinationals are also likely to adhere to the corporate standard of environmental protection even if this is more stringent than the regulations in place in their country of operation, and so in most cases create less pollution than similar indigenous industries.

Dillards SWOT Essay Example Essay Example

Dillards SWOT Essay Example Paper COMPANY PROFILE Dillard’s, Inc. COPYRIGHT MARKETLINE. TABLE OF CONTENTS Dillards SWOT Essay Body Paragraphs Dillard’s, Inc. Â © MarketLine Page 2 Dillard’s, Inc. Company Overview COMPANY OVERVIEW Dillard’s, Inc. (Dillard’s or ‘the company’) is one of the largest fashion apparel and home furnishing retailers in the US. The company primarily operates in the southwest, southeast and midwest regions of the US. It is headquar tered in Little Rock, Arkansas, and employed about 38,900 people as of Januar y 28, 2012, of whom 8,947 were par t-time employees. The company recorded revenues of $6,399. 8 million in the financial year ended Januar y 2012 (FY2012), an increase of 2. 3% over FY2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Dillards SWOT Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dillards SWOT Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dillards SWOT Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dillards SWOT Dillards SWOT Dillards SWOT The operating profit of the company was $396. 7 million in FY2012, an increase of 47. 6% over FY2011. The net profit was $463. 9 million in FY2012, compared to $179. 6 million in FY2011. KEY FACTS Head Office Dillard’s, Inc. 1600 Cantrell Road Little Rock Arkansas 72201 USA Phone 1 501 376 5200 Fax Web Address http://www. dillards. com Revenue / turnover 6,399. 8 (USD Mn) Financial Year End Januar y Employees 38,900 New York Ticker DDS Dillard’s, Inc. Â © MarketLine Page 3 Dillard’s, Inc. SWOT Analysis SWOT ANALYSIS Dillard’s is one of the largest fashion apparel and home furnishing retailers in the US. Besides offering national brands at its stores, the company also offers private and exclusive brands. Its private and exclusive product range helps it to tap the growing value oriented customer base in the US. Moreover, the exclusivity element attached to the brands enhances the store’s perception as an upscale depar tment store and drives footfall. However, intense competition could lead to price wars and pressurize the company’s margins and cap its market share. Strengths Weaknesses Private and exclusive brands enhancing the exclusivity factor Various cost-controlling measures driving profitability Lack of geographic scale and reach Opportunities Threats Online retail channel to offer oppor tunities for growth Growing demand for footwear in the US The growing US REIT market Intense competition Discretionar y spending in the US Strengths Private and exclusive brands enhancing the exclusivity factor Besides offering national brands at its stores, Dillard’s offers private and exclusive brands. The company’s exclusive brand merchandise por tfolio comprises Antonio Melani, Gianni Bini, Roundtree Yorke and Daniel Cremieux. These exclusive brands are offered at lower price range compared to the national brands. The demand for private label merchandise has gained strength in the US, as customers are increasingly seeking value for money. Though this trend emerged out of the pressurized disposable income in the hands of the customers, the trend is expected to continue even after the country recovers from the economic slowdown. Dillard’s private and exclusive product range helps it to tap the growing value oriented customer base in the US. Since these exclusive and private label brands carr y higher margins, the company’s overall profitability is also impacted positively. Moreover, the exclusivity element attached to the brands enhances the store’s perception as an upscale depar tment store and drives footfall. Various cost-controlling measures driving profitability Dillard’s, Inc. Â © MarketLine Page 4 Dillard’s, Inc. SWOT Analysis Dillard’s has adopted various cost-controlling measures for sustenance in the difficult retail environment. Dillard’s has engaged in activities such as tight expense control and store rationalization. The selling, general and administrative (SG) expenses as a percentage of sales have essentially remained flat in the last three years despite rising healthcare and other costs. The company repor ted SG expenses of $1,630. 9 million in FY2012, $1,625. 8 million in FY2011 and $1,644. 1 million in FY2010. SG expenses as a perce ntage of sales was 26%, 26. 6%, and 27% in FY2012, FY2011 and FY2010, respectively. Dillard’s has also continued to cut costs and improve profitability by closing underperforming stores. During FY2012, the company closed four of its stores: a 190,000 square feet store in Austin, Texas; a 128,000 square feet store in Decatur, Alabama; a 159,000 square feet store in Westminster, Colorado; and a 96,000 square feet store in Glenn Allen, Virginia. The improved operating efficiencies coupled with the closure of under performing stores have enhanced the productivity of the company’s retail operations and its profit margins. The company’s operating profit reached $396. 7 million in FY2012, an increase of 47. 6% over FY2011. Also, the net profit of Dillard’s reached $463. 9 million in FY2012, compared to $179. 6 million in FY2011. Improved profitability not only enhances shareholder’s confidence but also offers Dillard’s financial sources to fund its expansion plans. Weaknesses Lack of geographic scale and reach The company’s operations are limited to few states of the US market. Its competitors, however, have a diverse geographic presence. For example, Sears Holdings Cor poration operates in the US as well as in Canada. J. C. Penny, though operates only in the US, has a wider presence compared to Dillard’s. J. C. Penny operated 1,102 stores in 49 US states and Puer to Rico in the financial year ended January 2012 while Dillard’s operated 304 stores in 29 US states during FY2012. Lack of geographic diversity exposes the company’s revenue stream to slowdown in the regional economy. Opportunities Online retail channel to offer oppor tunities for growth The use of online retail channel as a means of making purchases has been growing among the customers in the US. According to the US Depar tment of Commerce, online retail sales in the US increased from $144. 6 billion in 2009 to $193. 7 billion in 2011, at a compound annual growth rate of 15. 7%. e-commerce sales accounted for 4. 7% of the total retail sales in the US in 2011. Fur thermore, in the second quar ter of 2012, the online retail sales reached $54. 8 billion, an increase of 3. 3% from the first quar ter of 2012. Besides the brick and mor tar stores, Dillard’s offers its merchandise for sales online at its website, www. illards. com. This website also features ser vices such as on-line gift registries, among others. Dillard’s, Inc. Â © MarketLine Page 5 Dillard’s, Inc. SWOT Analysis Dillard’s can leverage its online retailing business to tap the increasing popularity of online retail channel. Growing demand for footwear in the US The market for fashion footwear has shown strong growth in a scenario where spending on discretionary items has been pressurized. According to MarketLine, the footwear market in the US grew by 3% in 2011 to reach a value of $67. 7 billion. By 2016, this market is expec ted to reach a value of $81. 6 billion, an increase of 20. 6% from 2011. Footwear is one of the key offerings at Dillard’s retail outlets. The categor y accounted for 16% of the company’s revenue in FY2012, 15% in FY2011, and 14% in FY2010. The growing demand for fashion footwear in the US will lead to more customer traffic at Dillard’s retail outlets and drive revenues from the product category. The growing US REIT market Dillard’s entered the real estate investment trust (REIT) market by forming a wholly owned subsidiary in January 2011. This subsidiary will operate the company’s REIT as well as a wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary. REITs have been performing well in the US market. According to industr y estimates, the strong performance in the REIT industry in 2011 was that of the self-storage REITs (with a total return of 35. 2%), followed by apar tments (15. 1%), health care (13. 6%) and retail (12. 2%). Amid macroeconomic concerns such as sovereign debt, rising energy costs, and fears of a double-dip recession, the US REITs have been able to outperform the market due to increased inflow of funds from institutional investors. The US law requires REITs to distribute 90% of their annual taxable income in the form of dividends to shareholders. Thus, huge dividend payouts have been attracting more customers to invest in the US REITs. Dillard’s entry in the REITs market will enhance the company’s ability to access debt or preferred stock and thereby improve its liquidity. The funds raised from the REITs can then be channelized towards fur ther expansion of the company’s retail stores in the US and internationally. Threats Intense competition Dillard’s operates in a highly competitive retailing industry. Although the company is one of the leading apparel and home furnishing retailers in the US, it has a number of competitors at the national as well as at the local level. Its competitors also include specialty, off-price, discount and internet retailers. Competition is characterized by many factors, including location, reputation, fashion, merchandise assor tment, adver tising, price, quality, ser vice and credit availability. Some of the key competitors of Dillard’s are J. C. Penney, Macy’s and Saks. Some of these competitors may have substantially larger marketing budgets, providing them with a competitive advantage over Dillard’s. Dillard’s, Inc. Â © MarketLine Page 6 Dillard’s, Inc. SWOT Analysis Intense competition in the industry could lead to price wars and pressurize Dillard’s margins and cap its market share. Discretionary spending in the US High class=ilgen =/essay-sociological-perspectives-unemployment/ data-wpel-link=internal>unemployment rates and slow economic growth prospects have kept the consumer confidence low in recent times. According to industry exper ts, the US consumer confidence index decreased and reache d 60. 6 in August 2012, compared with 65. in July 2012. The consumer confidence index was above 100 in the first half of 2007. Americans continue to remain cautious about spending, one of the reasons why the pace of the recover y is estimated to be more subdued than in the past. High unemployment rate is expected to keep consumers relatively cautious. The annual average unemployment rate in the US was at 8. 9% in 2011. High unemployment rate reduces consumer spending as customers feel uncer tain about their future earnings. As a result, consumers tend to save more. Dillard’s generates 100% of its revenues from the US. Therefore, the company’s financial performance is sensitive to changes in the overall economic conditions that affect consumer spending and mall traffic. A fur ther decline in consumer discretionary spending could adversely impact the company’s top line growth. Dillard’s, Inc. Â © MarketLine Page 7 Copyright of Dillards, Inc. SWOT Analysis is the property of MarketLine, a Datamonitor business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Cultural shock essays

Cultural shock essays The day was finally here. It was November 11, 1990, the day that our family was to go to  ¡Land Of Liberty. ¡Ã‚ ¯ I heard so many different things about this country called United States of America and I was warned that it would be nothing you ¡Ã‚ ¯ve expected. The plane ride did not seem as long as it was; partly because I was lost in my own thoughts with hopes and anxiety. I thought about what I will become in this massive country I was headed and how soon I will adapt to this new culture and people. Every bits of hope I had faded as we drove to our new house after the plane landed. All I saw was open space and emptiness; something I did not expect or was prepared for. I lived in urban part of Korea all my 9 years of life and I was never aware that there could be any place as empty as I was now. I was a bit relieved when we reached our 2 floors, 6 rooms house in Northbrook. It was like a castle to me. My father told me that this house cost as much as the little 1 bathroom, 3 rooms apartment we had in Korea. As I was getting used to the castle we have just bought, the emptiness filled my heart again. I looked outside and saw houses across the street. For a week, I thought those houses were stores. Living in Korea, everywhere you look out, there are myriad number of stores everywhere. I could not get used to this suburban life that nobody ever warned me about. My next cultural shock came when I attended my uncle ¡Ã‚ ¯s Thanksgiving dinner. For the first time, I encountered what seemed like a gigantic chicken: turkey. There were many other foods besides the turkey, but overall, I was overwhelmed by the abundance of food at such low price. I began to understand why there are so many cases of obesity in America. I couldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t escape the abundance of food either. I gained so much weight as I got used to American food. I got so chubby to a point where my relatives did not recognize me when they came to visit us f...

Media Ethics Case Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media Ethics Case - Research Proposal Example Journalists are pillars of our society and they need to be ethically correct in discharging their duty to disseminate correct information to the public at large. Violation of academic trust through plagiarism, cheating, falsifying information or aiding and abetting in any of the nefarious activities are now serious offences and they are considered as totally unacceptable conduct in all areas of work, including journalism. Hence their professional honesty is crucial in promoting correct facts and interpretation on issues and topics that are socially, economically and politically relevant. During the Second Lebanon War between Hezbollah military and Israel forces, there was widespread damage to civilian infrastructure, including to the main airport of Beirut. War causalities also included killing of innocent civilians. The media had lapped up the war that had generated mass reaction all through the world. The photos of freelance Lebanese photo-journalist had generated mass hysteria against the Israel attacks which had damaged civilian places and displaced millions of the people from their home. Reuter later admitted that these photos were digitally altered (BBCNews, 2006). Altering the photographs digitally for vested interests was ethically wrong. The journalists are supposed to present the real situation to the people so the people can correlate with the event and accordingly propose a course of actions. In this case, the digitally altered photographs were meant to show gruesome and grotesque footage of war torn area and people and incite Muslims for the acts of terrorism and indirectly garner support for Hezbollah militants in their war against the Israelis. The actions of the Lebanese photo-journalist will have long term implications not only for the said journalist but the whole cadre of the journalist would become the target for vested interest and

How Does Bank of America Fulfill the Needs of Its Shareholders Essay - 1

How Does Bank of America Fulfill the Needs of Its Shareholders - Essay Example The researcher states that the Bank of America caters the requirements of individual clients, small business organizations as well as large business corporations with a variety of banking and financial services. The services offered by the Bank of America range from banking, asset management, investing as well as other additional products and services in the financial domain. The Bank of America Corporation offers a broad assortment of financial services and products by means of their numerous banking as well as nonbanking subsidiaries all over the United States of America and in certain parts of the global market. The bank offers its services in six major business divisions, viz. Deposits, Home Loans & Insurance, Global Card Services, Global Banking & Markets, Global Commercial Banking and Global Wealth & Investment Management. As on December 31, 2010, the Bank of America Corporation possessed assets worth $2.3 trillion and revenue values worth $111,390 million. The bank undertook t he acquisition of Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. on January 1, 2009. Consequent to the acquisition, the Bank of America has become one of the biggest wealth management companies in the globe with almost 19,700 wealth advisors and further 3,000 front-line consumers facing specialized staffs and in excess of $2.2 trillion in customer assets. Furthermore, Bank of America Corporation is the worldwide leading organization in corporate and investment banking as well as trading over an extensive variety of asset classes catering to the large corporations and institutions, governments, and individual clients throughout the world. The Bank of America also provides industry-leading support to around four million people owning small businesses and is the issuer of the highest number of debit cards in the United States of America. It holds the leading position in credit card loans in Europe and possesses the second largest market share for credit offerings in the United States. The Bank of America h as a well-built foothold in the mortgage business sector and is one of the foremost two mortgage service providers and instigators in the US.

Motivating Employees Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivating Employees - Coursework Example Poor leadership creates low morale on the part of the employees. (Lipman, 2013). You find that many of the doctors and nurses may want to succeed but once they make mistakes, they are criticized and dubbed a failures and this lowers their morale hence their commitment. Kaluyu memorial hospital will embark on giving personalized thank you notes to exceptional staff members, giving timely feedback on exceptional work, giving gifts as well as organizing random luncheons and night outs for the celebration of good work.Lack of career growth and development can also be one of the factors that demotivate the employees of Kaluyu Memorial Hospital. From observations and assessments conducted, it has been noticed that the hospital has been offering very few regular career training and development programs aimed at motivating the employees. Lack of these opportunities brings a sense of stagnancy in terms of skills and knowledge. The hospital management will get regular feedback on the best trai ning programs to be undertaken depending on the majority vote. From research and observations, it is very clear that the employees of Kaluyu can be motivated using the basis of the Maslow’s theory of motivation whereby people are pushed into action by certain motivation factors at different levels and times. Maslow’s model of motivation asserts that humans have 5 basic needs that are categorized into physiological needs, security needs, love needs, self-esteem needs and self actualization needs. (Maslow, 2013).

Guinness Market Entry to Peru

Guinness Market Entry to Peru MASTER IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION The following assignment is aimed at evaluating the attractiveness of Peru market as a potential entry market for the Irish Company, Guinness Breweries. Using the method of International Market Selection market will asses under the Systematic Approach and the model called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), we will weigh the three main criteria: Economic, Politics and Cultural. Based on the result from the analysis we will recommend the company either the market is attractiveness or not for the company to entry. Guinness was founded in Dublin in 1759. It was first brewed by Arthur Guinness. This was a fairly new beer, characterised by its dark colour acquired through the roasted barley used in its brewing process. Within 10 years, Guinness Extra Strong Porter was being exported to England. It became known as Guinness Stout as a strong porter was known as a stout porter. By the nineteenth century, Guinness focused its brewing activities on stout alone Expansion into foreign markets was spearheaded under the guidance of Arthurs three sons who succeeded him in the family business. From the end of the 1920s onwards, Guinness moved into advertising, with the placing of adverts in the press and the roll-out of a poster campaign. In accordance with an increase in demand for the Guinness product, a new brewery was established at Park Royal, London in 1936, which became Arthur Guinness Sons Co (Park Royal) in 1952. The pinnacle of Guinness extensive research came in the form of Draught Guinness in cans, launched in the UK in 1989 which, with the inclusion of the award-winning Guinness widget, typified the companys pioneering approach to improving technology and replicating the taste of Draught Guinness in a can Guinness Limited now has breweries in 51 countries worldwide and Guinness stout is drunk in 150 countries Over 10 million glasses of Guinness stout are drunk every day worldwide. Starting business operations abroad is a complex and complicated process. It requires decisions about many related but separate issues. The consequences of these decisions may have a significant influence on the success and performance of a firm. The recognition of right International market is one of the most important decisions that organizations face today when interesting in international trade. Regardless of its importance, the tactics pondered by many organizations in ascertaining profitable and servable markets in the international context are often based on the ad hoc decisions and view, rather than a formalized endeavor to match the organizations competences to that of the relevant foreign target markets. After a company have determined to go international, it will stand before the choice of Selecting a target market (European Commission, 2014). According to Marchi et  al. (2014) the international market selection (IMS) is an important determinant for a firms success on international markets. The International Markets Selection is a vital issue in the classification of foreign entry strategy (Papadopoulos et al., 2002). IMS is defined the development of competent and effective methods for selecting a foreign target market(s.) Denis and Papadopoulos (1988). Two diverse, traditional, approaches to the international markets selection have been presented (Papadopoulos and Denis, 1988): (1) A systematic approach, using a formalized decision process including a variety of statistical methods to analyze the potential of target markets; (2) an unsystematic approach suggesting the use of rules of thum such as selection of those foreign markets that reduce the received psychic distance. Company go global for a variety of reason, but the typical objective is company expansion. Bradley (2005:2) has many reasons for internationalization and some examples of those are; better opportunities abroad, shortening product and technology lifecycles, excess capacity and desire to fallow consumers and competitors abroad. Guinness Brewery, want to continue its global expansion in Peru (South America). Guinness Company has been successes in 51 countries worldwide. For example in Nigeria Guinness Nigeria has been success 1963, that first came to Nigeria When a company seeks to expand its business to foreign markets, a number of tactical decisions must be evaluated (Gà ³recka and Szalucka, 2013) Also, the company has to decide the timing of entry (when) as well as entry mode (how) (Gà ³recka and Szalucka, 2013) Evaluation Criteria Inflation Peru has been one of the regions fastest-growing economies in the last decade, with an average growth rate 5.9 percent in a context of low inflation (averaging 2.9 percent). A positive external environment, prudent macroeconomic policies and structural reforms in different areas combined to create a scenario of high growth and low inflation. After reaching a maximum of 4.6 percent at the beginning of the year, headline inflation has declined and stood at 2.9 percent in August 2016, just lower the upper limit of its target range. GDP growth Slightly improved to 3.3 percent in 2015, with a 6-year minimum of 2.4 percent in 2014. In 2016, economic growth is expected to be similar to 2015 levels, increasingly recovering to an average rate of 3.8 percent by 2017-2018. Over the next two or three years, large-scale mining projects are expected to begin fabrication and increased private and public investment in infrastructure projects will support aggregate demand. Additionally, the country will continue to implement structural reforms to ensure confidence of private investors. Exchange rate: Peru has a free-floating exchange rate regime, with the government irregularly intervening for purposes of stabilization. As of the end of 2013, the Nuevo Sol is one of the least volatile currencies in the world, exhibiting firmness in the face of international market and currency fluctuations. The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP) implements fiscal stimulus and liquidity control measures. Political Stability The economys overall stable and strong performance has allowed the government to increase its revenues and, hence, to balance the budget. President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, who took office in July 2016, intends to increase public investment in infrastructure and has announced that Peru is expected to raise funds on worldwide financial markets to finance these projects. Since 1998 when the country hardly avoided bankruptcy by signing an agreement with the IMF, Peru has followed a safe path of fiscal consolidation. The fiscal balance has registered only four years of deficit in the last decade and those deficits have never been larger than 1.3% of GDP. Additionally, public debt was cut about in half, from the 44.3% of GDP tallied in 2004 to just 23.3% of GDP in 2015. Market Economy A market economy is based on the values of offer and demand, and lets business carry on or fail devoid of much interaction from the government. A pure market economy is not viable to implement, most market economies in the region of the world have a component of government influence Existing reforms dismantled some barriers to running private enterprises. With no minimum capital necessary, it now takes less than seven procedures to start a business. Labour regulations are evolving. The state controls domestic food and fuel prices and partly subsidizes electricity, but in late 2014, it ruled out cutting taxes or introducing subsidies to support investment and cushion export sectors from the ongoing recession in product prices. Culture Peruvians preserve a strong sense of nationality identity supported by a series of general characteristics such as language. Hofstede model is used to assess the attractiveness of the market. Of the six dimension between Ireland and Peru compare. Both country have similarity only in Long term orientation and the score is very low, at Ireland 24 and Peru 25, meaning that this dimension measures the long term official planning does not exist. They differ culturally in the others five dimensions, such as Distance Power, Individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, indulgence. Evaluating the three main criteria: economic, political and cultural; and based on the information provided for each of them, we rank them as fallow the political as the most important. Fallow by economic as a less important, Since, Economic and political are extremely interrelated. On the one hand, the indecision connected with an unstable political environment may decrease investment and the pace of economic advance. On the other hand, poor economic performance may lead to government collapse and political unrest. When analyzing the Incentives parameter for the Peru market, we found out several macro greenfield factors that could act as enablers for Guinnes beer approval. These include both political (such as government ) as well economic factors (GDP increasing year by year) Based on the analysis using our constructed IMS model, we believe that the Peru market has several favorable conditions for Analyzing Sub Criterias According to the above information about each sub criteria of Economy criteria, we could rank the most important sub crateria is Inflation. This It is more important compare to exchange rate. If inflation increases, it means the value of the money loose power, therefore, the exchange rate increase. Moreover, countries with lower inflation have a tendency to see an appreciation in the value of their currency. GDP growth is not a very important sub-criteria, even though it not an important sub criteria it is increasing year by year. Exchange rate is more important than GDP growth, the latter of which is adjusted for inflation. If the inflation is lower, then the country will be more competitive. In the potential entry market which is Peru Market, inflation is very low, (averaging 2.9 percent), then the country is more attractive as a prospective market to entry. In the Political criteria; the most important sub-criteria is Stability, fallows by Regulation and, last one Market Economic. Political stability is a pillar of a democracy. For an investor it is important to have a minimum of security regarding the political stability of the country where to invest, a climate of political instability may affect the ability of a region or country to attract investment. Peru, is a very stable politically country, The constitution of Peru states that presidents cannot be re-elected. The constitution decrees a traditionally elected president and vice president serve five-year term. The president selects the prime minister who presides over the rest of the ministers, who comprise the cabinet. If a country is stable politically, hence, its regulation continues implementing structural reforms to guarantee confidence of private investors. Regarding to Culture similarity, both Ireland and Peru are different culturally. But it does not mean that Peru market could not be a potential entry market for an Irish company. Culture similarity is not an important sub criterion in this case that will interfere in the decision of in a international market. Furthermore, Ireland is doing business with South American country, such as Chile. Evaluating the Hofstede for Ireland and Chile culture similarity, the result is that they both are totally different respect to this sub criteria, however, their business are well performing. Between January and August of this year, the volume of Peruvian beer imports grew by 35% over the same period last year, according to the Foreign Trade Center (CCEX) of the Chamber of Commerce of Lima. Between 2012-2016 imports of this product have registered a decrease in volume of 1.4 million liters, but with this growth is generating a great expectation regarding the recovery of consumption of this product, said Carlos Garcia, manager of CCEX-CCL. In the first eight months of the year, the value added totaled more than US $ 5 million, entering our country 5.6 million liters of beer. Among the main suppliers we find Mexico, which covers 58% of the share, being the main supplier of Corona beer; Followed by Colombia (18%) that provides us with all Miller beer. Below these countries we find the Netherlands with a 9% share, a country that supplies us with Heineken and Grolsch beers. Meanwhile, Germany provides us with the Erdinger Weissbier, Bear Beer, Oettinger, Bitburger, Classe Royale and Phoenix brands; While Argentina supplies us with Stella Artois and Quilmes and Japan beers from the Sapporo and Kirin Ichiban beers As a result of the Analysis for a potential entry market based on the method of International Markets Selection at Evaluating the attractiveness of Peru market as a potential entry market for the Irish Company  ¨Guinness breweries  ¨. Under the Systematic Approach and the model called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), we will weigh the three main criteria: Economic, Politics and Cultural. Peru, is one of the countries in Latino America that the economy is growing faster year by year. The inflation is at very low el The main Criteria and the most important por a decision maker about neither entre or not is POLITICAL, The Government of Peru has encouraged integration with the global economy by signing 17 free trade agreements with 52 economies, including the United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (while U.S. exports to Peru jumped from USD 4.9 billion to USD 8.8 billion (a 79 % increase). In 2015, exports grew 23.5% while imports declined 10.9%. Peru registered a USD 13 million trade surplus in April 2016, the first of the year. Perus preferentiaPTPA), which entered into force in February 2009. Trade agreements are with Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, the European Union, Iceland, Japan, South Korea, Lichtenstein, Mexico, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, the United States, and Uruguay. From result Pairwise comparisons we got them from the weight the Main and Sub criteria 77%, what mean that Peru Market is attractiveness to entry (70 -79 not so favourable, but still an advanced economy) References http://www.burkedist.com/all-products/imported-beers/guiness#, Burke Distributione (accessed 08-01-17 ) http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/can-political-stability-hurt- conomic-growth. The word bank (accessed 09-01-2017) http://www.heritage.org/index/country/peru ,Economic freedom, ( Accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.limaeasy.com/peruvian-money-currency-guide/current-exchange-rates Lima Easy, the lima guide, (Accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview, THE WORDL BANK, IBRD-IDA, (ACCESSED 03-01-2017) http://www.bandeiragalega.com/es/celt/irlanda.htm, Bandeira Galaga (Accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.tradingeconomics.com/peru/forecast, Trading Economy, (accessed 08-01-2017) http://www.focus-economics.com/countries/peru, Focus Economic, (ACCESSED 03-01-17) http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/peru/. Accessed 04-01-2017 http://www.celticclothing.com/mm5/irish-american/cc07-01-history-of-guinness-brewing.php. Celyic Clothing, (06-01-2017) http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru/overview, The word Bank, 2017. (accessed 05-01-2017) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ref/10.1080/10978526.2016.1142376, Latin America Business Review. 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(08-01-2017) https://www.export.gov/article?id=Peru-Market-Overview, Expor.Gov, (Accessed 01-07-2017) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249643551_The_decision_process_for_the_International_Market_Selection, Reasercg Gate, Oct.17, 2016 (accessed 01-08-2017) Alegrà ­a, Ciro. The World Is Broad and Alien, 1973. Americas Watch. Untold Terror: Violence against Women in Perus Armed Conflict, 1992. Andersen, O. and Buvik, A. (2002) Firms internationalization and alternative approaches to the international customer/market selection, International Business Review 11(3), pp. 347- 63 Arguedas, Josà © Marà ­a. Deep Rivers , 1978. Brown, Michael, and Eduardo Fernà ¡ndez. War of Shadows: The Struggle for Utopia in the Peruvian Amazon, 1991. Bradley, F. (2005) International Marketing Strategy 8 th edition Prentice Hall, London Bryce Echenique, A. A World for Julius, 1992. Brewer P., (2001), International market selection: developing a model from Australian case studies, International Business Review, vol. 10, pp. 155-174 Brouthers, L. Nakos, G. (2005), The role of systematic international market selection on small firms export performance Journal of Small Business Management Oct2005, Vol. 43 Issue 4, p363-19p. Cavusgil, S.T. (1985) Guidelines for export market research, Business Horizons. 28(6), pp. 27- 33. Denis, J.E. and Papadopoulos, N. (1988) INVENTORY, TAXONOMY AND ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR INTERNATIONAL MARKET SELECTION, International Marketing Review, 5(3), pp. 38 51. Erramilli, M. K. Rao, C, (1993), Service Firms International Entry-Mode Choice: A Modified Transaction-Cost Analysis, the Journal of Marketing, Vol 57, No 3 pp 19-38 Holligan de Dà ­az-Là ­maco, Jane. Peru in Focus: A Guide to the People, Politics, and Culture, 1998. Isbell, Billie Jean. To Defend Ourselves: Ecology and Ritual in an Andean Village, 1985. Jenkins, D. Peru: The Rough Guide, 1997. Gà ³recka, D. and Szalucka, M. (2013) Country Market Selection in International Expansion Using Multicriteria Decision Aiding Methods, Multiple Criteria Decision Making, 8 pp. 31- 55. Koch, A. (2001a) Selecting overseas markets and entry modes: two decision processes or one?, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 19(1), pp. 65-75 Gould, R.R. (2002) International Market Selection Screening Technique: Replacing intuition with a multidimensional framework to select a short-list of countries, RMIT University Russow, L. and Okoroafo, S. (1996) On the way towards developing a global screening model, International Marketing Review, 13(1), pp. 46-64. Papadopoulos, N. and Martà ­n O.M. (2011) International market selection and segmentation: perspectives and challenges, International Marketing Review, 28(2), pp. 132-149. Johanson, J. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1975) The internationalization of the firm four Swedish case studies, Journal of Management Studies, 12(3), pp. 305-322. Johanson J. and Vahlne J.E. (1977) The Internationalization Process of the Firm A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments, Journal of Business Studies, 8(1), pp. 23-32. Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J.E. (1990) The Mechanism of Internationalisation, International Marketing Review, 7(4), pp. 11-24. Papadopoulos N., Chen H., Thomas D.R., (2002), Toward a tradeoff model for international market selection, International Business Review, vol. 11, pp. 165-192 Johanson J. and Vahlne J.-E., (1977), The internationalization process of the firm a model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 8 n. 1, pp. 23-32 Papadopoulos N., (1987), Approaches to international market selection for small- and medium-sized enterprises, in S.D. Reis e P.J. Rosson (Eds), Managing export entry and expansion. New York: Praeger Sethy S. S. (2008) Distance education in the age of globalization: An Overwhelming Desire towards Blended Learning Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education Vol. 9, No. 3 Terpstra, V. (1987) The Evolution of International Marketing, International Marketing Review, p 47-59 Terpstra V., Sarathy R. (2001). International Marketing, 8ht edn., Chicago II, Dryden Press. European Commission (2014), What is an SME? ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts figures analysis/sme definition/index_en.htm (2015 05 11) Marchi, G. Vignola, M. Facchinetti, G. Mastroleo, G.(2014) International market selection for small firms: a fuzzy based decision process, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48 Iss: 11/12, pp.2198-2212 https://www.reference.com/world-view/market-economy References, accessed 08-01-17 Appendix Peru Inflation .. Pairwise comparisons for sub-criteria with respect to Economics GDP growth Inflation Exchange Rates GDP growth 1.00 6.00 5.00 0.73170732 0.5 0.789473684 0.673727 0.447386678 45% Inflation 0.17 1.00 0.33 0.12195122 0.083333333 0.052631579 0.085972044 0.057089514 6% Exchange Rates 0.20 5.00 1.00 0.14634146 0.416666667 0.157894737 0.240300956 0.15957123 16% 1.37 12.00 6.33 Pairwise comparisons for sub-criteria with respect to Politics Stability Market Economy Regulation Stability 1.00 0.17 6.00 0.13953488 0.12195122 0.5 0.253828701 0.067823621 7% Market Economy 6.00 1.00 5.00 0.8372093 0.731707317 0.416666667 0.661861095 0.176850828 18% Regulation 0.17 0.20 1.00 0.02325581 0.146341463 0.083333333 0.084310204 0.022527883 2% 7.17 1.37 12.00 1 Global Very Very IMS Priorities Unfavourable Unfavourable Favourable Favourable Favourability Score GDP growth 45% 0 0.333 0.666 1 30% Inflation 6% 0 0.333 0.666 1 6% Exchange Rates 16% 0 0.333 0.666 1 16% Stability 7% 0 0.333 0.666 1 7% Market Economy 18% 0 0.333 0.666 1 12% Regulation 2% 0 0.333 0.666 1 2% Cultural Similarity 7% 0 0.333 0.666 1 5% Total 77% Pairwise comparisons among objectives/alternatives Normalized matrix Weights/ Priorities Global Priorities Economic Political Cultural Economic 1.00 4.00 7.00 0.717948718 0.774193548 0.5 0.664047422

Heredity and Hormones Effect on Behavior Essay -- essays research pape

Human behavior has been a mystery to scientists and psychologists for years. What causes humans to act the way they do? Is it learned by experience, or inherited from prior generations? The human brain is a complex machine driven by numerous intangibles that influence our thinking process directly and indirectly. The endocrine system in the human body stores a chemical known as hormones. Hormones are released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body carrying messages. A hormonal impulse is similar to a nerve impulse only much slower. The messages carried by the hormones trigger different behaviors. Hormones can affect behavior in many ways such as: Mental activity or tiredness, boredom or excitement, sexual behavior, the ability to maintain focus, boldness, the potency of stress, and the admiration of friendship. Hormones can also be a leading factor in whether a person is in a good mood or a bad mood (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Endocrine glands located in different parts of the body all release unique hormones, some of these hormones can affect behavior in different ways. The thyroid gland, located beneath the voice box releases the hormone known as thyroxin. Thyroxin is the hormone responsible for regulating the level of metabolism in a human body. Therefore, thyroxin can be related to the amount of energy one has, their sleeping habits, ability to focus and concentrate, and even their individual temperament. The pituitary gland, located on the bottom side of the brain, produces a variety of hormones, some of which affect human behavior. These hormones can have an affect on sexual conduct and desire (Morris & Maisto, 2005). The gonads in the human body differ depending on the sex of the human. T... ...utionary psychologists believe that behavior is not influenced by environments or situations but by natural instincts that have been inherited through a process known as natural selection. Natural selection suggests that only those who posses survival traits and adapt well to their surroundings survive and pass on these traits to offspring (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Human behavior remains a great mystery to psychologists and there is really no evidence that pinpoints the exact cause of our behavior. Some things are certain, genes and hormones directly affect behavior, but the extent of this influence is still debatable. There are many intangibles that are factored in when considering human behavior but no single factor shows evidence of how our minds make decisions. Human behavior is directly influenced by decisions, and decisions are apparently not an exact science.

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Essay

Abstract This is a case conceptualization of a client referred to a Residential Treatment Facility by Family Court for treatment and evaluation of intellectual, academic, and behavioral performance. The client presents with several issues. In the client interview, the counselor hypothesizes that client has difficulty with anger, aggression, and low frustration tolerance. The client’s current behaviors are affecting his home and educational environments. The client’s early experiences will be explored only as it relates to current behavior and beliefs. During the therapeutic process, the client and the counselor will explore his inability to respond appropriately when frustrations occur. Exploration would include disputing irrational thoughts and beliefs, and exercising more appropriate positive replacement behaviors. This case conceptualization will create a hypothesis of the client’s aggressive behavior. Using Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy framework, the counselor will explore the client’s issues and create a treatment plan with goals that pertain to the client’s presenting issues. This conceptualization will also include support that will show the benefits the client should gain with application of this theory. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Case Conceptualization of Michael Michael is a 14-year-old African American male. He has been referred to a Residential Treatment Facility (RTF) for an evaluation of intellectual, academic, and behavioral assessment. While in the treatment facility, Michael must undergo therapy to address his presenting problems. Michael presents himself as a very well dressed and engaged young man. Despite the fact that he is court-ordered to be in a treatment facility for an undetermined length of time, he was cooperative during the interview. During the interview, the counselor speaks with Michael and his adoptive family about the details of the court documents, the responsibility of the client (Michael) and the facility. The counselor, Michael, and the adoptive parents have completed the intake process and the time was scheduled for his first session. Biological and Environmental Factors Michael’s biological parents are reported to have been heavily addicted to drugs and alcohol. His mother reportedly abused multiple prescription drugs and cocaine during her pregnancies. It is also reported that the mother was Schizophrenic. Both parents have lengthy criminal records. Michael did not experience a nurturing environment. At age four, Michael and his younger brother were removed from the biological parents by child protective services. The brothers were placed in separate foster homes. Michael has had four foster care placements in two years prior to going to his adoptive parents. During his placements, it is suspected that Michael experienced neglect and sexual abuse. His maternal aunt and her husband adopted Michael. They also adopted his younger brother. They have two biological children. Michael did not adjust well to the new environment. He became more aggressive and exhibited hoarding behaviors. By age seven, he had been placed in a psychiatric hospital and other RTFs to receive treatment. Michael and his adoptive parents have sought counseling services through their church and local mental health agencies. Michael had been diagnosed with Reactive Attachment Disorder, ADHD, and ODD. He has poor sleep patterns and is on several medications that have little effect. Michael has self-harmed for attention, but denied suicidal thoughts. Michael has a history of violent and aggressive behaviors in school and home. Michael has very weak and superficial relationships with peers. Case Conceptualization Michael’s presenting issues and previous history is suitable for Rational Emotive Behavior (REBT). REBT focuses on environmental and biological factors that affect rational thought and emotional behavior (Murdock, 2009). Michael’s early history will offer insight in evaluating his current behavior, but otherwise have no relevant bearing on Michael’s treatment plan. Michael often experiences events that cause him to react in a negative manner toward his peers and relatives. The counselor theorizes that Michael’s early exposure to violence, unstable home environment, and inconsistent relationships may have contributed to his inability to rationalize his experiences. These outbursts have increasingly become more violent. One incident resulted in Michael choking another resident at a previous RTF placement. Michael states that he often felt agitated prior to his outburst. Later, he would be confused, sad, and even angrier that he lost control (secondary disturbance). In session, the counselor listens for the ABCs of the REBT therapy framework. Michael rehearses several events that occur prior to his outbursts and violent attacks (Consequence) (2009), the counselor notes that Michael often feels that â€Å"people are trying to get over on him† or â€Å"messin’ with him† (Antecedent behavior, irrational thought, faulty thinking) (2009). Michael voiced that people should just leave him alone† (faulty belief) (2009). Michael perceives his peers think he is â€Å"stupid† (irrational thought) (2009). When asked why he thinks this, Michael responds, â€Å"Maybe I am. I always get the questions wrong in class when the teacher calls on me† (faulty belief) (2009). Michael’s demands: self-demandingness, others demandingness and world demandingness (2009) are not being met, therefore creating a psychological and emotional disturbance for Michael (2010). The counselor also hypothesizes that Michael has low frust ration tolerance (LFT) (2010) with peers who he perceives do not treat him fairly or give in to his demands (other demandingness) (2009). Michael rehearsed that in the classroom the teacher never listens to him. She always tries to embarrass him in front of the class. Michael often stated that the teacher frequently called on him to prove he was â€Å"dumb† (awfulizing) (2009). Michael perceived the classroom environment was unfair and intolerable and hated going to school (maladaptive thought) (2009) because all the teachers hate him. Michael felt that he should be left alone, especially when he was not â€Å"bothering† anyone (world demandingness) (2009). The result was to defend himself through acting out, aggression, or defiance. Michael believed that he needed to be aggressive to prove his peers, teachers, and family members wrong, which led to further frustration. Michael explained that behavior made him feel like he was not â€Å"good enough† for people (self-demandingness) (2009). The counselor hypothesized that Michael is relying on irrational thinking to draw irrational conclusions (2009) which lead to irrational behavior. Michael’s negative thinking and behaviors influenced his home life. Michael describes that he upsets his adoptive mother when he fights (antecedent) (2009) and that he will never be able to make her happy (irrational thinking) (2009). Michael believes this makes him a bad person on the inside (faulty belief) (2009). This belief makes him angry and irritated (secondary disturbance) (2009), which causes him to become violent toward his younger siblings (consequence) (2009). Treatment Goals and Plan Michael’s goals toward survival and happiness (2009) are thwarted by his irrational thoughts and absolutions (Harrington, 2007) that life should be easy and painless (2007). Michael becomes frustrated with events at school and home frequently when he does not get what he wants. The counselor understands that frustration with particular events in itself is not the cause of the violent outburst, but is the result of wrong views of the event (2007). Michael has an additional belief: his reality must conform to his wishes. When this fails to occur, intolaration results (faulty belief). Hence, this creates the violent outburst (consequence). In other words, frustration intolerance arises, because the wish for a different reality collided with the demand for it (Harrington, 2011). Michael’s therapeutic goals will include teaching him the three unconditionals of acceptance (Barry, 2009): 1. Unconditional self-acceptance-I am not a bad person. I can make good choices, even if it does not always turn out right. 2. Unconditional acceptance of others- Everyone does not have to like my ideas or me, they can have each have our own opinion. People will not always treat me the way I want to be treated. This does not mean they want to harm me or do not care for me. 3. Unconditional life acceptance-Life is not fair. I can take the good with the bad. I can choose to enjoy the moment. I cannot control every circumstance, but I can control my reaction and thoughts toward it. Michael will also be taught to do a behavioral assessment (2009) of his thoughts and beliefs during the course of his treatment. This will include the use of a journal (between session homework) (2009) to track antecedent events, his emotional state prior to the event (calm, engaged) and immediately following (irritated, angry, and sad), and his beliefs toward the given circumstance. The counselor will actively model appropriate behaviors when frustrating moments occur in counseling. The counselor will use exaggerated behavior (2009) to demonstrate Michael’s behavior (sudden outbursts/aggression) when frustrating events occur. It is the hope of the counselor that Michael will see that his behavior can be considered extreme. Michael may even see some humor in the extremity of his outbursts in minor occurrences. The counselor will be direct with Michael in modeling (2009), an â€Å"it’s-not-about-you/me† stance in session. Michael will be consistently confronted during sessions with questions that will challenge him to consider when this attitude begins to surface (Shanahan, et. al. 2010). The counselor will model humor (2009) when appropriate to demonstrate when Michael’s irrational thoughts grow beyond reason. The use of coping skills can dispute irrational thoughts (self-talk, humor, relaxation techniques) (Harrington, 2011) and create a self-monitoring tool for Michael between sessions. The counselor will actively dispute irrational thoughts during the session using philosophical interpretation—demonstrating this is interrupting his goal to be happy, empirical evidence—asking for evidence that supports his belief or offering evidence that counteracts his belief, logic, and functional—helping him evaluate â€Å"always and never† statement (2009) relationships between the perceived disturbance and the reality of the unconditional. Behavior strategies can also be implemented. Michael should learn behavior (violence and outbursts) management through: 1. Reward (engaging in a pleasurable activity after enduring an uncomfortable/frustrating circumstance), and penalty (restriction of pleasurable activity) (2009). 2. The use of imagery of frustrating or uncomfortable situations, and unhealthy negative emotions (and behaviors) to reframe and rehearse rational beliefs and responses (Harrington, 2011). The counselor will use multiple resources (music, TV, and movies) and actual events for scenarios (Harrington, 2011). 3. Coping mechanisms (2011) will also be implemented when frustration arises. This will include relaxation techniques (2009) and removing Michael from the frustrating situation until he is able to respond appropriately. Eventually, Michael should be able to endure an uncomfortable circumstance (2011) without having to leave to regain composure. In summation, throughout the course of Michael’s sessions, he should be able to recognize irrational thoughts and dispute them immediately. Even when challenged with frustration, Michael should be able to evaluate the reality (reframing) (2009) of the circumstance and respond appropriately. Conclusion The counselor concluded that REBT is appropriate to use in this counseling scenario. REBT addresses thoughts and beliefs of an individual. These thoughts and beliefs create the behavior response. When an individual has irrational thoughts motivated by faulty beliefs, it is typically followed by a negative response. The counselor’s goal is to teach the client to evaluate irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs concerning the antecedent event in order to create a more appropriate consequence (response). Michael’s core faulty beliefs are found in the three unconditionals. Michael feels he is entitled (Fives, et al. 2010) to fair treatment and getting his way. Michael believed that when this entitlement was not fulfilled, it was appropriate to respond with aggression (2010). This response (consequence) created a cyclical event: antecedent event (fight/defiance)—irrational thought (my teacher is trying to embarrass me or he’s trying to intimidate me) — faulty belief (that teacher should leave me alone/ I will not be intimidated). After the fight/defiance, Michael often feels guilty, sad, or more frustrated (secondary disturbance) because he is a failure and cannot get it right (which disappoints his adoptive mother). As a result, Michael experiences more frustration and anger. Using REBT, the counselor hopes to effectively teach Michael to dispute his negative/irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs. Therefore, this will reduce frustration intolerance and create a more appropriate consequence to the antecedent event. REBT is logical, workable, and teaches the client realistic skills to cope with life’s circumstances (Minor, 2007). In cases like Michael’s, REBT is effective with including the family in the framework of the therapy (Bernard and DiGiuseppe, 2006). Michael’s adoptive parents will be taught to identify his (and even their own) irrational thoughts and faulty beliefs and the behavioral relationship. This equips them with knowledge needed to address the behavior. Most importantly, it helps with the long-term success of the child client in identification and appropriate response of frustrating circumstances (Fives, et al., 2010). REBT does not focus on the person, but the behaviors the person demonstrates (Levinson, 2006). This approach will be beneficial to Michael because his faulty thinking and irrational thoughts have been attached to his personhood. He perceives himself as â€Å"bad† and â€Å"inadequate† (Jones, et al, 2011). REBT should teach Michael it is not he or â€Å"the event, but the thoughts about the event† (Ellis) that cause his issues. This should encourage Michael to evaluate his thought and belief patterns frequently. REBT utilizes psychology, examining how thoughts cause emotional disturbance. Philosophically, REBT suggests that life views influence emotions. Lastly, REBT incorporates education that should provide Michael with the necessary tools to manage his thoughts, beliefs, and responses to frustrating events (Banks and Zionts, 2008). This will be an on-going process for Michael. Michael will experience success and failure throughout the application of REBT. The counselor will be diligent in explaining this reality to Michael. The counselor will reiterate this is a part of the three unconditionals. Michael will experience the reward of recognizing the ABCDE’s of REBT. Michael should understand the final stage of REBT is effectively (the â€Å"E†) (2010) disputing (the â€Å"D†) irrational thoughts toward the event, therefore, causing an appropriate response. Michael will learn when he is not successful, he can accept it and the consequences without becoming aggressive. References Banks, T., & Zionts, P. (2009). REBT Used with Children and Adolescents who have Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Educational Settings: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 51-65. Bernard, M. E., & Diguiseppe, R. (2006). REBT assesstment and treatment with children. Rational Emotive Behaviors approaches to childhood disorders, theory, and practice , 85-113. Fives, C. J., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & DiGuiseppe, R. (2010). Anger, Aggression, and Irrational Beliefs in Adolescents. Cognitive Theory Research , 199-208. Harrington, ,. N. (2007). Frustration intolerance as a multidimentional concept. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy , 191-211. Levinson, M. (2006). Anger management and violence prevention: A holistic solution. et Cetera 187-199. Minor, J. (2007). Why I use REBT in my private practice and personal life. et Cetera , 320-323. Murdock, N. (2009). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Shanahan, S., Jones, J., & Thomas-Peter, B. (2010). Are you looking at me, or am I? Anger, aggression, shame and self-worth in violent individuals. Journal of Rational Emotive Cognitive Behavior Therapy , 77-91.